Ethical Dilemma Surrounding Nazi Human Experimentation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3221 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/18 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Ethical Dilemma Essay Did you like this example? To Use or Not to Use: the Ethical Dilemma Surrounding Nazi Human Experimentation To Use or Not to Use Hippocrates of Kos, often referred to as the â€Å"Father of Medicine,† once said: â€Å"[as] to diseases, make a habit of two things—to help, or at least to do no harm†.[footnoteRef:0] Here Hippocrates admonished his fellow physicians, aware of medicine’s limited capacity to cure and, thus, the temptation to turn to dangerous measures; he observed that to â€Å"experiment [is] treacherous†.[footnoteRef:1] This statement reached proportions beyond what Hippocrates contemplated in 1933, the year that marked the beginning of the Holocaust, a genocide in which Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Germany systematically murdered six million Jews, and took the lives of approximately twelve million people in total, within a span of twelve years.[footnoteRef:2]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Dilemma Surrounding Nazi Human Experimentation" essay for you Create order By 1945, the Nazi regime had established 20,000 concentration camps, where those considered racially inferior were held prisoner. Not only were these prisoners discriminated against, torn from their homes, killed or worked to death, they were also used as test subjects. Nazi Germany was heir to an extremely radical approach to medicine, and saw an immense increase in forced, and often lethal, medical experiments and other types of exploitative and involuntary research. The Nazi physicians performed as many as thirty different types of experiments on more than twenty thousand prisoners, killing several thousand in the process.[footnoteRef:3] These experiments were separated into three categories: â€Å"experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel†¦experiments aimed at developing treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field†¦ [and] experiments that sought to advance the racia l and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview†.[footnoteRef:4] These experiments have been universally recognized as barbaric, but the research has prompted an uncomfortable moral challenge within the scientific and medical communities: whether it is ever ethical to utilize data as abominable as that which was obtained during the Nazi medical experiments or not. [0: ] [1: ] [2: ] [3: ] [4: ] On July 14, 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases was enacted in Germany; the basic provisions of the law state that: Any person suffering from a hereditary disease may be rendered incapable of procreation by means of a surgical operation (sterilization), if the experience of medical science shows that it is highly probable that his descendants would suffer from some serious physical or mental hereditary defect. For the purposes of this law, any person will be considered as hereditarily diseased who is suffering from any one of the following diseases: congenital mental deficiency, schizophrenia, manic-depressive insanity, hereditary epilepsy, hereditary chorea, hereditary blindness, hereditary deafness, any severe hereditary deformity. Any person suffering from severe alcoholism may be also rendered incapable of procreation.[footnoteRef:5] [5:] This law led to the sterilization of over 400,000 Germans and evoked a great interest in Nazi physicians with sterilization.[footnoteRef:6] If successful, sterilization could rid the world of those not belonging to the Aryan race and create a â€Å"pure† society, to the standards of Nazi Germany. This law was used by Nazi physicians to encourage the growth of the Aryan race via new and improved methods of sterilization. Among the physicians particularly motivated by this new law were two rival doctors, Professor Carl Clauberg and Dr. Horst Schumann, who both took up shop in Block 10, a cellblock at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp where women and men were used as experimental subjects for German doctors.[footnoteRef:7] With permission from an eager Heinrich Himmler, the two men began trials in 1942, and thus started a â€Å"macabre race between them to find the most effective method.†[footnoteRef:8] [6: ] [7: ] [8: ] Block 10, commonly referred to as â€Å"Clauberg’s block,† was â€Å"created for him and his experimental efforts to perfect a cheap and effective method of mass sterilization.†[footnoteRef:9] Clauberg, a German gynecologist, spent the early stages of his career studying treatments to help infertile women conceive.[footnoteRef:10] However, after approaching Himmler and gaining his approval, he experimented with closing off the fallopian tubes by injecting a chemical substance into the cervix to cause sterility.[footnoteRef:11] He chose â€Å"married women between the ages of twenty and forty, preferably those who had previously borne children,† as his test subjects.[footnoteRef:12] He had experimented with a large variation substances, but kept the contents of such substances a secret, probably â€Å"intent upon protecting any medical discovery from research competitors.†[footnoteRef:13] The procedure caused acute pain and many women died from the s urgery, while others were simply murdered so that Clauberg could study their organs.[footnoteRef:14] [9: ] [10: ] [11: ] [12: ] [13: ] [14: ] The experiment was done to me in Auschwitz, Block 10. The experiment was done on my uterus. I was given shots in my uterus and as a result of that I was fainting from severe pain for a year and a half. [Years later,] Professor Hirsh from the hospital in Tzrifin examined me and said that my uterus became as a uterus of a 4-year-old child and that my ovaries shrank. (Ms. A, Age 83)[footnoteRef:15] [15: ] Schumann differed from Clauberg in that his qualifications for experimentation were â€Å"more political than medical,† as his medical experience consisted of selecting prisoners to be sent to euthanasia centers.[footnoteRef:16] With no training as a radiologist, he used extremely high doses of radiation in a careless, hit-and-miss manner, followed by operations. From this, his victims obtained deep burns to the sexual organs, severe burns, and many deaths.[footnoteRef:17] In the end, they butchered hundreds of Auschwitz prisoners in a large series of experiments. The experiments â€Å"were encouraged officially as a direct expression of racial theory and policy.†[footnoteRef:18] [16: ] [17: ] [18: ] The sense that â€Å"Germany was losing the medical war meant pressure for systematic experiments,† so some Nazi doctors justified their actions by declaring their experiments were explicitly conducted for the war effort.[footnoteRef:19] These experiments were primarily conducted at Dachau concentration camp under the control of Dr. Sigmund Rascher, an â€Å"ambitious experimentalist keen to become an academic high-flier† who conducted deadly experiments on humans for the wartime effort.[footnoteRef:20] Rascher decided, for the benefit of the German Air Force, to investigate the limits of human endurance and existence at extremely high altitudes. He designed experiments to duplicate the conditions that a German pilot might encounter in combat. Using a mobile aviation pressure chamber provided to Rascher by Luftwaffe, victims were subject to rapidly fluctuating altitudes, reaching up to 68,900 feet, and then free falling completely.[footnoteRef:21] The reports on these e xperiment demonstrate complete disregard for human life and callousness to suffering and pain. Records reveal at one and the same time the medical results of the experiments and the degradation of the physicians who performed them. The first report by Rascher to Himmler was made in April 1942 and contains a description of the effects of the low-pressure chamber on a 37-year-old Jew: [19: ] [20: ] [21: ] The third experiment of this type took such an extraordinary course that I called an SS physician of the camp as witness, since I had worked on these experiments all by myself. It was a continuous experiment without oxygen at a height of 12 kilometers conducted on a 37-year-old Jew in good general condition. Breathing continued up to 30 minutes. After 4 minutes the experimental subject began to perspire, and wiggle his head; after 5 minutes cramps occured; between 6 and 10 minutes breathing increased in speed and the experimental subject became unconscious; from 11 to 30 minutes breathing slowed down to three breaths per minute, finally stopping altogether†¦ About  ½ hour after breathing had stopped, dissection was started.[footnoteRef:22] [22: ] He explained how the heart was still beating for a majority of the dissection, stating that: One hour after breathing had stopped, the spinal marrow was completely severed and the brain removed. Thereupon, the action of the auricle of the heart stopped for 40 seconds. It then renewed its action, coming to a complete standstill 8 minutes later.[footnoteRef:23] [23: ] Despite this failure, Rascher was upbeat, telling Himmler that he foresaw â€Å"entirely new perspectives for aviation.†[footnoteRef:24] It is estimated that 540 prisoners were subject to these experiments, and that between 30 and 80 died as a result.[footnoteRef:25] [24: ] [25: ] Immediately following the conclusion of his high-altitude experiments, Rascher conducted a second set of experiments that proved to be even more deadly. He sought out to discover means to prevent hypothermia and the most effective method of rewarming German pilots who had to parachute into the North Sea.[footnoteRef:26] His research was conducted in two parts: first, to establish the amount of time it would take to lower the body temperature to death, and second, how to best resuscitate the frozen victim. The experiments involved being forced to sit in water tanks of three to seven degrees celcius from 80 minutes to three hours.[footnoteRef:27] At the first of the Nuremberg Trials, Leo Michalowski, a Polish priest, recounted his horrific experience at Dachau: [26: ] [27: ] I was undressed and two medical apparati, whose nature I cannot give in detail, were tied to my body. Two wired were introduced into my rectum, and affixed to my body with scotch tape. I was then dressed in a flyer’s uniform, flyer’s boots, and a safety life-saving belt. I was then dropped in the water in which ice blocks were floating. I was conscious for one hour during which I was at first given a cigarette, and some rum†¦ Shortly afterwards I lost consciousness. But I remember that at this time, my legs and arms were absolutely like frozen iron, and that cold sweat came down from my forehead.[footnoteRef:28] [28: ] Rascher would then use different methods to try and warm up the prisoners, at first by drugs, massages, and electric blankets, but mainly by sandwiching the unconscious men between two nude women, often forcing the women to copulate with his body.[footnoteRef:29] Rascher and other Nazi doctors conducted many more experiments for the wartime effort, and some out of mere curiosity, such as investigating the immunization of malaria, typhus, and hepatitis, experimenting on twins to show their genetic make-up, and testing blood coagulation, abusing more than twenty thousand prisoners in all.[footnoteRef:30] [29: ] [30: ] There may never be a â€Å"right† answer as to whether the data obtained by Nazi doctors should be used or not, but there are countless arguments both for and against the data’s use. The first major argument for using the Nazi’s research is largely based on utility; if the data exists, and it could help people to understand their disease or to carry out activities more safely, perhaps scientists should use it to better the lives of humankind. Dr. John Hayward, a hypothermia expect at the University of Victoria in British Columbia, stated, I dont want to have to use this data, but there is no other and will be no other in an ethical world.†[footnoteRef:31] In addition, Dr. Robert Pozos, founder of the University of Minnesotas Hypothermia Laboratory, spent several years in the early 1980s doing hypothermia tests on volunteers, utilizing Nazi data because he never allowed their body temperature to go below 95 degrees fahrenheit (the temperature at which hypoth ermia begins to occur). Contrarily, Rascher’s victims reached temperatures below 80 degrees fahrenheit.[footnoteRef:32] These results cannot and will not be reproduced, but they can be used to benefit the medical world today. As stated by a survivor of Mengele’s experiments: [31: ] [32: ] It appears that, at least in some cases, there was an attempt to induce illness by injecting bacteria and then an attempt to cure these illnesses, that is to say, we served as laboratory animals in the hands of the criminal, Mengele, and this type of research should of course be made available to the world.[footnoteRef:33] [33: ] People also argue that not using the data may suggest that the victims died for no reason and their suffering meant nothing. Velve Greene, a Jewish professor of medicine, said that the data obtained by Nazi doctors should be â€Å"exhumed, printed, and disseminated to every medical school in the world† and taught to the students â€Å"not during a special course in ethics or history,† but as a part of the core medical curriculum. Greene believes that the students and the doctors and the residents know that â€Å"this was not ancient history or an episode from a horror movie where the actors get up after filming and prepare for another role. It was real. It happened yesterday.† She stresses that â€Å"[the Nazis] tried to burn the bodies and to suppress the data. We must not finish the job for them.†[footnoteRef:34] Many maintain that publishing the data would not only serve as evidence that these monstrosities occured but would also help to prevent them from ever happening again. Dr. Howard M. Spiro, the founding section chief of gastroenterology in the Department of Internal Medicine at Yale, claimed that â€Å"the best argument Ive heard for preserving the Nazi data is to keep evidence that those experiments were carried out. As long as the data are available, evidence that at least some people did some bad things in Nazi Germany cannot be denied.†[footnoteRef:35] By using the data, some feel that we are paying a justice to the victims. This is best stated by Lucien Ballin, member of a military intelligence assault force that helped unearth Nazi medical-experiments data. She said that the suffering is done. Let someone benefit from all the pain.[footnoteRef:36] [34: ] [35: ] [36: ] Many researchers believe that there is no reason not to use the data, since the data itself did not do the experimentation, it was merely the product. Along these same lines, some scientists believe that it may be more unethical to not use the data that could save someones life.[footnoteRef:37] Bioethicist Dr. Benjamin Freedman believed it serves no purpose to science to ignore what could potentially help people. â€Å"We are talking of the use of the data, not participation in these heinous studies, not replication of atrocities, he said. The wrongs perpetrated were monstrous; those wrongs are over and done. How could the provenance of the data serve to prohibit their use?[footnoteRef:38] [37: ] [38: ] Questions regarding the Nazi medical experimental datas validity, and the ethics in regard to using the data, present a very large problem. Many researchers consider the data to be ruined due to the way it was obtained. They believe that the data was not properly recorded, that the Nazis didn’t carry out the tests in a sufficient way to use the data, and in order for an experiment to be done correctly, it has to be able to be repeated.[footnoteRef:39] The terrible experiments by the Nazis would be near impossible to replicate, especially considering the state the patients were in.[footnoteRef:40] Dr. Robert Berger of Harvard Medical School criticized the validity of the hypothermia experiments done at Dachau, stating that the â€Å"study has all the ingredients of a scientific fraud, and rejection of the data on purely scientific grounds is inevitable. They cannot advance science or save human lives.†[footnoteRef:41] He calls attention to Rascher’s lack of regard for important variables such as age, nutrition levels, and the numbers of subjects who underwent immersion while naked, clothed, conscious, or anesthetized. Rascher also failed to state the endpoints of the experiment: â€Å"time spent in the bath, specific body temperature, subjects clinical condition, death, and the like.†[footnoteRef:42] Though this scrutiny is not limited to the hypothermia tests. Researchers also question many chemical tests, claiming that the Nazis changed the data to make it more appealing, did not correctly check the height and weight of the victims, and did not have clear ways to measure their results.[footnoteRef:43] [39: ] [40: ] [41: ] [42: ] [43: ] The best argument to be held about the validity of the experiments is that the victims did not accurately portray the population.[footnoteRef:44] All of the victims came from certain racial or social groups, they were almost always malnourished and usually sick.[footnoteRef:45] Undoubtedly, not all racial and social groups are the same, so the results obtained from the tests conducted cannot be expected to apply to everyone. In addition, malnourished or sick people do not have the same capabilities as a healthy person and thus cannot endure diseases and temperature changes in the way that a healthy person can. All of this makes it extremely difficult to take the Nazi data seriously. The data might be utterly worthless to the normal population. [44: ] [45: ] Perhaps the most difficult question to answer is surrounding the ethics of using the data. The methods of the Nazi doctors were inarguably barbarous, involving the torture and death of human beings. There is a talmudic agade: Tov she-barofim le-gehinom—â€Å"the best doctors are destined for hell†Ã¢â‚¬â€that many apply to the Nazi doctors.[footnoteRef:46] Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and Nobel Laureate, wrote: [46: ] â€Å"Who or what is to blame for the creation of the assassins in white coats? it was the sense of reality that was missing. In their eyes, the victims did not belong to humankind; they were abstractions. The Nazi doctors were able to manipulate their bodies, play with their brains, mutilate their future without remorse; they tortured them in a thousand ways before putting an end to their lives.†[footnoteRef:47] [47: ] The data obtained from these experiments should be reason enough to know that the methods and data are unethical and corrupt. For example, Dr. Hans Eppinger, Jr. conducted tests on the potability of sea water on 90 Gypsy prisoners: The subjects were given unaltered sea water and sea water whose taste was camouflaged as their sole source of fluid. Eppingers infamous Berka method was devised to test whether such liquids given as the only supply of fluid could cause severe physical disturbance or death within six to twelve days. The Gypsies became so profoundly dehydrated that they were seen licking the floors after they were mopped just to get a drop of water.[footnoteRef:48] [48: ] In addition, using this data would be setting a pattern for other unethical studies. Many fear that by using this data, science is being made more important than human life. Eva Mozes Kor, a survivor of Dr. Josef Mengeles twins experiments at Auschwitz, said that: To declare the use of the Nazi data ethical, as some of the American scientists and doctors advocate, would open a Pandoras box and could become an excuse for any of the Ayatollahs, Kadafis, Stroessners, and Mengeles of the world to create similar circumstances whereby anyone could be used as their guinea pig.[footnoteRef:49] [49: ] By doing this, others would be more inclined to do unethical experiments as well, and would be given the impression that these inhumane experiments can in fact be useful.[footnoteRef:50] [50: ] The Hippocratic Oath is among the most important parts of the medical profession. As a part of this oath, doctors must swear to â€Å"use treatment to help the sick according to [the doctor’s] ability and judgement, but never with a view of injury or wrongdoing.†[footnoteRef:51] Hence, these Nazi doctors violated their vow to the medical profession. Therefore the data, like the experiments, should be left in the past. The data was not found in an ethical manner, it is not necessarily valid, and the tests are for the most part outdated. Kor summarizes the argument in one statement: [51: ] Today some doctors want to use the only things left by these victims. They are like vultures waiting for the corpses to cool so they could devour every consumable part. To use the Nazi data is obscene and sick. One can always rationalize that it would save human lives; the question should be asked, at what cost?[footnoteRef:52] [52:]

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay - 511 Words

In the autobiography I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, the main character Marguerite Johnson, is influenced by a preponderance of characters including Bailey Jr. , Momma Henderson, and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. One of the primary influences is her older brother, Bailey Jr.. Momma, or Annie Henderson, the parental grandmother, also plays an important role for Maya. Additionally, Mrs. Flowers, the black aristocrat of Stamps, saves Maya during an especially difficult time. All in all, these three characters act as important role models in the development of Marguerite through her juvenile years. First, Bailey Jr. serves as the most significant role in the protagonist’s young life. In the novel, Maya distinguishably states, â€Å" I would be the†¦show more content†¦Ritie is also amazed at how well Momma adjusts to Los Angeles after living all her life in the small town of Stamps, Arkansas. All in all, Momma plays an important role in Ritie’s up-bringing. Another powerful figure in the leading character’s life is Mrs. Bertha Flowers, who gains trust from the young lady. Mrs. Flowers was the first person to prod Maya out of her silence after being painstakingly raped. The aristocrat makes Angelou feel proud to be black under any circumstances. Mrs. Flowers loans the main character several books and assigns her the task of reading them aloud; she also requests that Angelou memorize a poem to recite it aloud. Finally, Mrs. Bertha Flowers gains the young child’s respect by making the child feel important. In conclusion, Marguerite is influenced the most by these three characters: Momma Henderson, Bailey Jr., and Mrs. Bertha Flowers. Primarily, Bailey is greatly valued because he nurtures and builds Maya’s self-esteem. Second, Momma Henderson is perceived as a mighty personage since she has raised the central character throughout most of her childhood. 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Cinderella scenes Essay Example For Students

Cinderella scenes Essay Cinderella was the main character in the play. Cinderella was portrayed very polite, for example: Cinderellas step mother insulted and gave her more jobs to do and in return Cinderella asked her how she was and did not complain about what her step mum was doing to her. Cinderella was also portrayed as a stupid person, for example: after Buttons explained his life story her response was huh? and I dont get it?. Cinderella also comes across a bit vain because when she was in the forest an old lady called her beautiful and she responded I know am so sexy. Cinderella always had a smile on her face, which showed me that she was a positive person. She always had a finger at the bottom of her lower lip when someone was talking to her, this is something a kid would do to try and figure out what the person is talking about, this showed me how she was not a intelligent person. Her slaves clothes colours were bright blue/yellow and white with black lines. The colour yellow showed me Cinderellas characterisation, as it is the colour of sunshine. It connects with joy, happiness and energy. The colour yellow arouses cheerfulness. The colour attracts a lot of attention, which can symbolises her beauty men are attracted to her beauty because it stands out just like the colour. Yellow is usually the colour used for kids toys, it is a childish colour, which shows that Cinderella is not smart at all. The light blue portrays her character it shows how calm, healthy and nice she is. The colour white shows that she is pure and clean. The black contrasts with the other colours, the black shows me that she is a bit dirty as she has to do a lot of cleaning and she also always wears the same clothes. Even though she had the same clothes all the time it was clean, had no holes or etc, which showed me even though she had no clothes she took care of herself. Her wedding and ball dresses both touched the floor, big, puffy, white and pink. The colour white symbolised her beauty as it showed the audience the level of her beauty as white is an angelic colour. The pink showed the audience the acceptance she was getting from the Prince and her stepsisters. It also showed me the love between Cinderella and the prince. The forms of the dress made her look like a rich girl or a princess. The lighting on Cinderella was the same in all scenes. It was natural, a yellowish white colour and bright. The lighting connected with her actions, as the colours were bright and positive, Cinderellas actions were always positive. Cinderella had many props like the old broomstick, which symbolised how long she worked for the stepmother and a carriage, which was used to bring Cinderella to the ball. Buttons was a male slave working for the stepmother. Buttons was portrayed as the joker as he cracked many jokes, for example: the twin evil sisters are so ugly that when they were born the doctor took one look at the babies and slapped the parents. Buttons acted so confident when Cinderella was not around by cracking jokes and messing around but as soon as she stepped on stage he froze and couldnt talk, which showed the audience that Buttons acted like a confident guy but really he was no good with girls and romance. Buttons mystery secret was that he was the fairy and he had a different personality. He smiled a lot, he was joyful, talkative and nice. His costume was different he had a white suit, white shoes and a white shirt. The lighting changed from grey to yellow white colour. His fairy personality was a contrast to Buttons personality as Buttons was rude, loud and a joker while the fairy was nice, polite and happy, it was like the ying and the yang, two different people living in one body. .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .postImageUrl , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:hover , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:visited , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:active { border:0!important; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:active , .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50 .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9898a902a98f35ea3339e9d98c180e50:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Crucible Essay PaperButtons had a black suit with a white shirt. The suit showed me that the evil stepmother was a rich woman. It also showed me that Buttons was better treated then Cinderella, the white shirt showed me that Buttons job was safe unlike Cinderellas, which again showed me is job was better. The black makes button look mysterious, as no one knew about his background until he told Cinderella after she had a romantic moment with the prince.  The lighting for Buttons was natural and yellow, which went well with his actions as yellow is a funny colour and funny was what he was. The twin sisters were played by two men, which showed the audience how unattractive they were. The thought they were good looking as they both stood on stage trying to make them attractive by posing on stage. The evil twin sisters were very different in height. Lucretia was very tall while Griselda was very small which showed the audience the difference between the two as they argued about their height difference a lot. The twins wear colourful clothes. The main colours are dark green which symbolises their wealth it shows that they are rich people, dull yellow which showed me how jealous they were of Cinderella as all their clothes had that colour, pink which shows how girly they are, dark blue which symbolises the power they have over Cinderella, orange and red symbolise that they want to take over Cinderellas life. Their outfits are always colourful like a rainbow.  The lighting for the twins was a dramatic, purple pink colour which connected very well with their actions as pink and purple are sexual desired colours, they did a lot of sexual movements, for example: they purposely moved their breasts forward or squeezed one of the prince bum.

Virtual Teams as an Important Part of Global Corporations

Global corporations are entities legalized to run their businesses which offer or deliver their products or services in more than one country. In order to ensure effective coordination of business in these corporations, virtual teams are formed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Virtual Teams as an Important Part of Global Corporations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Virtual teams refer to a group of persons, who come together to form a team and members are distributed geographically and they are required to work together using electronic means of communication (Alberto, 2003). These teams rarely meet face to face. Virtual teams are of three kinds; software, product or banking teams which are differentiated by their geographical location, functions or cultural boundaries (Alberto, 2003). While a corporation is setting up a virtual team, it should consider the following factors; time zones, culture diversi ty, communication, trust and leadership. These factors determine the quality of coordination by teams and if not well managed they can be issues. In this paper, we examine these issues (factors) which virtual teams of different global corporations face. One of the major issues facing Virtual teams is Time zones and are calculated using Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) mostly, by either adding or subtracting hours. Different areas experience different time zones, although some countries may be geographically far apart from each other but experience the same time zone, for example San Juan and Montreal. Time zones pose a big challenge to virtual teams, especially if team members are working in different time zones, for example one team member in New York and another in London, working on the same to deliver a product or service at a given time (Allison, 1990). Due to time difference one team may be unavailable when problems arise at a one given time, which could lead to mistrust between team s. This is because only one team would be working to resolve the problems which crop up at that given time. Such a scenario can repeat itself and the result is that one group could always be left out in activities involving solving of problems, hence create a feeling of marginalization. This pattern can lead to conflicts whose main cause is difference in time zones (Allison, 1990). Such conflicts can lower the effectiveness in performance of virtual teams.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to solve such a conflict, the leadership should ensure that external time zone differences are well measured and their impacts observed. This would ensure that no team is left out in solving of problems due to unavailability caused by overlapping time zones (Espinosa). Another issue that affects virtual teams is that of diversified cultures which emerges as a result of diff erent nationalities. It has both positive and negative impacts on the performance of teams. Culture diversity includes; different individualism values, languages, nationalities and country of origin or birth. When skills, perspectives and talents of different teams from different backgrounds are combined can produce excellent results (Sandy, 2006). Diversity produces a great value as a result of increased flexibility, creativity and innovation. Diversified experiences and perspectives enhance the ideas and information collected by a team and as a result great outcomes are achieved inform of networking and resources to the corporation (Sandy, 2006). Diversity or culture has negative impacts on a virtual team. These negative include difficulty in communication, lack of cohesion or togetherness, misunderstandings and conflicts. Creation of sub groups in and out of a given culture leads to misunderstandings and conflicts in different cultures. Such sub groups comprise of people of the s ame culture, which means interaction with other cultures is closed out (Alberto, 2003). Such groupings lead to decrease in interpersonal and communication skills amongst teams which in turn lower performance of teams and level of satisfaction. These groups also lead to high turnover as a result of less attraction amongst team members. In and out groups also lead to poor communication which can result to less cohesion and social togetherness or integration. As a result diversity leads to poor performance of a team (Sandy, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Virtual Teams as an Important Part of Global Corporations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to ensure healthy relationships amongst team members, the leadership should make a wise decision on the mode of communication to be used. Use of media communication, electronic tools of chatting and telephone conference is some of the modes which red uce diversity differences and groupings (Allan, 2003). The reason is that it reduces face to face conversation which in turn increases cohesiveness, social integration and reduced conflicts which in turn enhance performance and satisfaction (Sandy, 2006). Communication and language issues are also an important factor in enhancing performance a virtual team. Effectiveness of a virtual team depends on the quality of its communication. Media communication and texting are the most used forms of communication but their effectiveness can not be compared to that of face to face communication (Sirka et al, 1999). This is because texts lately have many symbols, shortcuts and pictures which pass given information. Failure to understand such aspects may lead to lack of communication. Communication impacts the effectiveness and performance of virtual teams both positively and negatively. On a positive note, communication in a team ensures fulfillment of goals and performance of duties. It is al so an important factor in ensuring strong bonds of cohesion and reduced conflicts through commitment, loyalty and participation by all team members. Communication helps a team to understand the task it is performing and at the same time encourage exchange of ideas (Sirka et al, 1999). Effective communication ensures the well being of a group by promoting healthy relationships and interaction amongst team members. Lack of effective communication can lead to deterioration in performance and effectiveness of a team. Ineffectiveness in communication can be as a result of language barrier, culture or diversity, unclear messaging and distortions.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This can lead to conflicts, lack of coordination, reduced competitive advantage and success and friction in a team (Thompson, 2011). Language barrier can be as a result of different cultures and nationalities. Language barrier leads to polarization of ideas, mistrust, division in the team and suspicions. To ensure effective communication rare face to face gatherings can reduce some of the challenges of communication in future. Use of code of conduct is used to ensure total functionality of individual members and reduced delays. To ensure effective encoding and decoding of messages, members are discouraged to use non-text forms of communication like emotional icons, jargons or picture messages. In order to reduce language barrier, a common language is used, mostly English (Sirka et al, 1999). Also use of gestures and interpreters as well as translators can enhance communication. Trust is an essential aspect in a virtual team and its main aim to make the team work. Trust in a team ens ures that there is increased security and confidence in a team, promotes openness and effective exchange of information. Trust also brings team members together despite the physical distance between them. In his study Sirka, refers â€Å"trust as the glue of the global workspace† (29-64). Trust also enhances sense on moral duty which increases willingness of team members to assist one another because they feel obliged to. Mistrust in a team may lead to conflicts which in turn will reduce the performance of a team. Mistrust hinders the ability of a group to explore its full potential, deteriorated interpersonal communication and decreased sense of reliability (Sirka et al, 1998). Incase mistrust occurs, the team is advised to be involved in team building and solve problems together. Team building usually helps in assessment of each member’s ability, motivation and successes. Solving problems together will enhance commitment of an individual member to work. Also involvin g the team in occasional face to face gatherings clears mistrust which may have come up (Sirka et al, 1999). Another very important issue facing virtual teams is that of leadership. Leadership can be challenging considering that a leader should oversee and coordinate activities of different teams globally. To ensure good performance of a team, the leader should be able to motivate team members, encouraging member to be disciplined and organize social activities which promote face to face interaction, trust and communication (Timothy, 2002). Effective leadership should prepare team members for different situations that may occur in the group. A leader should be able to recognize contributions of all members regardless of the magnitude. A leader should be a mentor and law enforcer. Due to physical limitation, a leader may not be in a position to observe team members physically. This calls for creativity in leadership to ensure a virtual observation of members (Amabile, 1997). Ineffect iveness n leadership may lead to mistrust and poor performance. Leaders need to be trained in order to acquire the skills required in leadership (Malhotra, 2007). In conclusion, virtual teams form an important part of global corporations. All these factors (discussed) need to be considered and carefully implemented to ensure that virtual team does not fail in its duties (Amabile, 1997). All the issues discussed impact the performance of a team which in turn affects the competitive advantage and success of a corporation. References Alberto, J. (2003). Team Boundary Issues across Multiple Global Firms. Journal of  Management Information Systems, 19 (4), 157-190. Allan, J. and Anne, W. (2003). Language management in multinational companies.  Cross Cultural Management, 10 (2), 37. Allison, S. (1990). Social decision heuristics and the use of shared resources. Journal of  Behavioral Decision Making, 3, 195-204. Amabile T. (1997).Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40 (1), 39-58. Malhotra, A. and Majchrzak, A. and Rosen, B. (2007). Leading virtual teams. The  Academy of Management Perspectives ARCHIVE, 21 (1), 60-69. Sandy, D. (2006). Group decision and negotiation. The Effects of Cultural Diversity in  Virtual Teams versus Face-to-Face Teams, 15, 389-406. Sirka, L. and Kathleen, K. and Dorothy, E. (1998). Antecedents of trust in global virtual teams. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14 (4), 29-64 Sirka, L. and Kathleen, K. and Dorothy, E. (1999). Communication and trust in global Virtual teams. Special issue: communication Processes for Virtual Organizations,  10 (6), 791-815. Thompson, L. (2011). Making the team: A guide for managers.Northwestern University: Prentice Hall. Timothy, R. and Dorothy, E. (2002). Leadership effectiveness in global virtual teams.  Journal of Management Information Systems, 18 (3), 7-40. This research paper on Virtual Teams as an Important Part of Global Corporations was written and submitted by user Hadley Hendricks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Vrouwen in managementfucnties essays

Vrouwen in managementfucnties essays 'Uit een rapport van de ILO (International Labor Organisation, 1993) blijkt dat tussen 1985 en 1991 het aandeel van vrouwelijke managers steeg in 39 van de 41 onderzochte landen. Aan de andere kant meldt ABC News (1993) dat in geen enkel van 33 onderzochte landen vrouwen evenwaardig worden behandeld als mannen.' Het aantal vrouwen dat deelneemt in het arbeidsgebeuren, is na WO II gestadig gestegen. Redenen hiervoor zijn o.a.: het ontstaan van vele routinejobs die hoofdzakelijk door vrouwen werden ingenomen, vrouwen trouwen later en krijgen later kinderen en beschikken daardoor over een langere periode om deel te nemen aan het arbeidsleven, het feit dat bepaalde bedrijven overtuigd zijn van het competitieve voordeel van diversiteit in het werknemersbestand (verlaging van de kosten, stijging van de productiviteit, behouden van het marktaandeel...)(Parker en Fagenson, 1994). Want deze bedrijven recruteren de beste personen zonder onderscheid van geslacht, nationaliteit en ras en beschikken bijgevolg over een veel grotere arbeidspool. Maar toch kunnen we stellen dat nog veel vooruitgang mogelijk is. Ondanks de toename van het aantal vrouwen in de totale arbeidspopulatie, blijft hun aanwezigheid beperkt tot bepaalde sectoren zoals de verzorgende en de administratieve sector. Bovendien blijkt uit verschillende studies (o.a. ILO) dat mannen van over de hele wereld de hoogste managementfuncties bekleden, wat betekent dat vrouwen beschikken over minder verticale mobiliteit. Daarbij komt nog dat hoe hoger vrouwen opklimmen in de hirarchische structuur, hoe groter de verschillen worden tussen mannen en vrouwen, wat dan resulteert in een geringe horizontale mobiliteit. In alle categorien van jobs worden vrouwen bovendien aanzienlijk minder betaald (Rowney en Cahoon, 1990). En dit terwijl vrouwen, zo blijkt uit onderzoek, meer graden behalen dan hun mannelijke collega's. In het algemeen kunnen we zeggen dat vrouwen niet...

Knowledge Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge Assessment - Essay Example These scholars also argued that a creative person is able to develop a new process even from ordinary setting and able to evolve a new process in accordance with the macro-environmental requirements. However, Kafetsios and Zampetakis (44; 710-20) argued that it is not possible to achieve innovation for organizations without taking help of creative minds. George and Zhou (87; 687-97) showed doubt over the mechanistic definition of organizational learning and they pointed out that an organization cannot learn by itself hence creativity in organization is sole function of individual personality trait of leaders and organizational members. Organization is a living thing and organizational members are integrated part of this living system. Hence, it can be surmised that creative personality trait of organizational members create the scope for knowledge sharing, learning from mistakes and ultimately achieve innovation. In such context, four different personality traits which can bring crea tivity can be identified in the following manner; Figure 1: Personality Trait (Source: Zampetakis, Kafetsios, Bouranta, Dewett and Moustakis 597) According to figure 1, personal traits such as proactive mentality, emotional intelligence, entrepreneurship intensions and assertive intellectual drive can help a person to perform creative behavior in the workplace. For example, proactive mentality helps the person to take responsibility in contingent situation and show the drive for thinking in new way, entrepreneurship intensions help the person to show the penchant for building new enterprise or new process, emotional intelligence helps the person to understand and respect the suggestion of team members formulating a new process and assertive intellectual drive helps the individual to solve emerging problems by deploying skill and talent. Developing a new idea in organizations by using creativity instinct is a systematic and stepwise process and these steps can be defined as, 1- ident ifying the problem by discussing with team members, 2- collecting information related to the solution of the problem from internal and external environment using both primary and secondary sources, 3- organizing brainstorming session with team members regarding the potential solution for the problem and selecting the optimal solution by using knowledge sources and 4- implementing the solution in order to bring creativity in the organizational. For example, an oil company can innovate or integrate its upstream and downstream activities in order to reduce the cost of operation. Hence, it can be said that organizational creativity is an inside-out approach which depends heavily on personality trait of organizational members. Question 2 (Option B-Mindfulness) Weick and Sutcliffe (17.4; 514-24) defined mindfulness as the inherent capability of an individual and organization to generate rich awareness regarding the details of the ongoing events and decide plausible actions to correct prob able errors in the decision making. Hence, mindfulness can be defined as mixture of cognitive processes such as, giving attention to the detail, relying on past categories to assess the present situation and eying one single perspective of the

Robert W Baird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Robert W Baird - Essay Example Today, the company has a special place in all the businesses in America, and the Fortune magazine has included the company in a prestigious list of 100 best places to work. Robert W. Baird & Co is an asset management company. Its special focus is on middle market investments, capital markets investment, fixed income investments and provision of a broad range of other services to its clients such as Private Wealth Management, Mutual Funds and a company’s own special fund. The company performed extremely well in the fiscal year ending 2010. It earned $847 million in revenues, a figure which is 18 percent more than in the previous year. The principal competitors of Robert W. Baird & Co are all the investment firms operating in America. The major rivals of the company are Jefferies Group, Inc, Piper Jaffaries Company Inc. and Raymond James Financial. However, RWB&CO has outsmarted its competition in the last few years, and especially in 2010. While other companies downsized and contracted, RWB managed to grow by an impressive figure of eighteen percent. Robert W. Baird & Co does not only have strong presence in the entire United States but is also present in other countries around the world. The company operates extensively in the UK, Greece and India. In these countries, it is involved in the development of risk-averse portfolios and making investments throughout the world. The greatness of the company lies in the fact that despite strong recessionary pressures, the company has managed to grow and within a few years, it has doubled in size in terms of revenue. This achievement puts RWB ahead of its competition. The company is currently an employee- owned business, meaning that the largest shareholders of the company are people working for the organization. It has a flexible structure. Each unit works independently and is controlled by the head of the department. Project teams are developed to sense